Knowledge+Saturation

__**http://www.wpsi-india.org/tiger/poaching_crisis.php**__
http://www.theinsite.org/earth/earth_es_tiger.html = =



Tiger remains are very perishable. Skins are easily identified, but not a lot of people can identify tiger bones from that of domestic animals which are used for fertilizer and glue. Forest patrols that walk the forest sometimes notice that a familiar tiger is missing but they dont know whether or not they were poached or died naturally. Like other big cats, the tiger probably has little future outside protected areas because of the danger to livestock and human life. Tigers which stray out of reserves and attack livestock are often poisoned by local people. **Unnatural tiger deaths recorded since January 1994. ** 95 tigers known to have been killed in 1994 123 tigers killed in 1994 52 tigers killed in 1996 89 tigers killed in 1997 36 tigers killed in 1998 Tiger skins are often destroyed so that the criminals can indulge in the more lucrative trade in tiger bones undetected. 4 Jan 99 Two six-month-old tiger cubs were found dead in a private farm owned by a politician near the Suhelwa Wildlife Sanctuary in U.P. Three people have been arrested after confessing that they captured the cubs in a cave in the Sanctuary.

12 Feb 99 A tiger skeleton was seized and 3 wildlife traders and a driver arrested near Bhowali, District Naini Tal, U.P. (WPSI assisted in the seizure and is supporting the prosecution of this case).

15 Feb 99 A tiger skin was seized and 7 people arrested by the police in Pipriya, District Hoshangbad, in Madhya Pradesh.

24 Feb 99 Two tiger skins were seized by police and 5 people arrested near Bilaspur in Madhya Pradesh. (WPSI is assisting in the prosecution of this case).

1 Mar 99 A tiger skin and 5 pairs of tiger and leopard nails were seized in a joint operation by the police and forest department in Vickramasingapuram and Kalakkad, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu. Ten people were arrested. The accused allegedly killed the tiger in the vicinity of the Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve.

Seizure of tiger skins and bones in Madhya Pradesh

Note: For mixed tiger bone seizures, the number of dead tigers have been calculated by using an average of 12 kg of bones per tiger.

 **Tiger Poaching - Tiger's Eyes, Organs and Even Tiger Penis are Sought by Poachers**

As if habitat loss was not enough, **tigers** and numerous other species of endangered wildlife also have to contend with **POACHING**. Regardless of the tigers' classification as a "Critically Endangered" species, the demand for its parts has drastically increased at an alarming rate since the end of the 20th Century. The tiger is primarily killed to supply underground black markets with its organs, pelts and bones. These items are highly regarded in eastern medicine, claiming to posse's capabilities to heal all sorts of human illnesses and dysfunctions.

It is quite apparent through governmental seizures that the import and exportation of tiger parts is a good business. In 1990, over 4,180 pounds of tiger bones were exported from Taiwan to Japan. Documented records from the Korean government state that over 8700 pounds of tiger bones were imported into South Koreas from Indonesia. In Asia, parts other then the bones are used in mythological medicine. This includes the **tiger's eyes, hair, internal organs** and even tiger penis (which is used in a soup as an aphrodisiac). In Hong Kong black markets, venders sell a pound of powdered tiger humorous bone sells for over $1700.

[]

 * India's Tiger Poaching Crisis**

Investigations carried out in 1993-94, during which a total of 36 tiger skins and 667 kilos (1470 pounds) of tiger bones were seized in northern India, brought to light the severity of the problem. The illegal trade is now widespread and in the hands of operators, who have top level patronage. There is also evidence that profits from the wildlife trade are increasingly being used to fund armed insurgency in north-east and north-west India. A tiger can be killed for as little as just over a dollar for the cost of poison, or $9 for a steel trap. Much of the tiger poaching is done by tribals who know their forests well. They are usually paid a meager amount (in a case near Kanha Tiger Reserve, in May 1994, a trader paid four poachers $15 each for killing a tiger), their hunting talents and knowledge exploited by greedy traders. It is these traders and the middlemen who make substantial profits from the illegal trade in tiger parts. If an offence is committed against the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, there is a maximum sentence of three years imprisonment or a fine which may extend to Rs. 25,000 or both.
 * PENALITIES**

For an offence against a Schedule I or Schedule II (part 2) animal, or for an offence committed within a sanctuary or natural park, there is a mandatory prison term of three years, which may extend to seven years. There is also a mandatory fine of at least Rs. 10,000. For a subsequent offence, the mandatory prison remains same, while the mandatory fine is at least Rs.25, 000.

For an offence committed inside the core area of a Tiger Reserve, there is a mandatory prison term of three years, extendable to seven years and a fine of Rs. 50,000 extendable to Rs. 2 lakhs. In case of a subsequent conviction, there is an imprisonment of at least seven years and a fine of Rs. 5 lakhs which may extend to Rs. 50 lakhs. Despite these penalties, the laws are difficult to enforce and to date, in spite of hundreds of cases, only 16 people have ever been convicted of killing a tiger. **POACHING METHODS** Poachers use one of the following methods to kill a wild tiger:

**Poison** - which is usually placed in the carcasses of domestic buffaloes and cows. During the dry, hot summer months small forest pools are also poisoned by poachers, or depressions dug and filled with water for this purpose. There is a sophisticated and well organised supply route operated by the major traders, to distribute poison and collect tiger bones from the remotest villages. .
 * Steel Traps** - which are made by nomadic blacksmiths. These traps are immensely strong. In a tiger poaching case near Raipur in 1994, it took six adult men to open a trap. In one area in central India, investigators found that so many steel traps had been set that the villagers were fearful of going into the forest. People have received dreadful injuries from these traps.
 * Firearms** - are used where hunting can be carried out with little hindrance.
 * Electrocution** - by tapping 230 volts -11KV overhead electrical wires and laying a live wire on animal tracts.

Tiger poaching occurs in all areas where large number of tigers have been recorded. Poaching is particularly prevalent in the States of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Assam.


 * How to help curb India's wildlife crisis**

WPSI is already making a significant impact. In some areas the illegal wildlife trade has virtually been brought to a standstill. The proven effectiveness of the Society, combined with strong support from the Government, business communities and environmental organizations, has brought WPSI to the forefront of the conservation movement in India. There are numerous ways you can help save our wildlife: The more aware you are of the status of India's wildlife and wild places, the more effective you will be in helping to save it. You can stay informed through the internet, current journals and the media. Once you are armed with the knowledge of what is happening to India's wildlife, take action and spread the word to your friends, family and community leaders. Keeping yourself informed about the peril of India's wildlife is a great place to start to make a difference - but to make a real impact - create awareness in your community and demand changes be made in India and internationally. There are numerous things you can do to increase the level of awareness. For example you might: The Hon’ble Prime Minister of India South Block, Raisina Hill New Delhi-110011 Tel: (91-11) 23012312 Fax: (91-11) 23016857 & 23019545 Email: pmosb@pmo.nic.in || **Shri. S. Regupathy Minister of State (Forests & Wildlife) 1-B, Maulana Azad Road, New Delhi - 110 003 Tel:. (91-11) 23017997, 23013317 (R), 24361727, 24363958 (O) Fax: (91-11) 23017997 (R), 24362222 (O) ** || Secretary Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India CGO Complex, Paryavaran Bhavan Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003 India Tel: (91-11) 24361896 & 24360721 Email: vijai.sharma@nic.in || **Shri. M.B. Lal, IFS** Additional Director General of Forests (Wildlife) Room No. 441, Ministry of Environment and Forests CGO Complex, Paryavaran Bhavan Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003 India Tel: (91-11) 24363247 Fax: (91-11) 24364790 Email: mb.lal@nic.in || > In order to tackle India’s growing wildlife crisis and to save endangered species such as the tiger, WPSI urgently needs your support. > > > [|Click here for donations] WPSI’s work is generously supported by a number of individual donors, foundations, and organisations. These include:
 * You Can Help**
 * **Stay Informed**
 * **Take Action & Create Awareness**
 * Organise an event that educates the public about wildlife
 * Research products you consume to ensure they were made sustainably
 * Write letters to the editor of a newspaper
 * Write letters/petitions to your community leaders
 * Write letters/petitions to national and international leaders
 * **Influential Political people to contact**
 * **Shri Manmohan Singh**
 * **Shri Vijay Sharma, IAS**
 * **Shri Vijay Sharma, IAS**
 * **Support a WPSI Project**
 * WPSI Supporters:**
 * ALFRED BARNSTON FOUNDATION
 * AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
 * BANOVICH FOUNDATION
 * BARNSTON-KOUTSAFTIS FAMILY FOUNDATION
 * BRITISH HIGH COMMISSION, NEW DELHI
 * CHARITIES AID FOUNDATION AMERICA
 * CHARITIES AID FOUNDATION UK
 * ELEPHANT FAMILY
 * ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY
 * FORD FOUNDATION
 * FUNDACION CIUDAD DEL SABER
 * HSBC LTD.
 * INCHCAPE FOUNDATION
 * INTERNATIONAL CRANE FOUNDATION
 * INTERNATIONAL TRUST FOR NATURE CONSERVATION
 * NATIONAL FISH & WILDLIFE FOUNDATION
 * RUFFORD MAURICE LAING FOUNDATION
 * SACHARUNA FOUNDATION
 * SERENITY TRUST
 * STOP POACHING
 * TERRE ET FAUNE
 * THE FUND FOR THE TIGER
 * WILD AID
 * WILDLIFE CONSERVATION TRUST
 * WILDLIFE PROTECTION SOCIETY OF INDIA (UK)

[]
Tigers //Panthera tigris// are mammals of the Felidae family and one of four "big cats" in the //Panthera// genus. They are superpredators and the largest and most powerful living cats. The Indian subcontinent is home to more than 80% of the wild tigers in the world. The tiger's beautiful blend of grace and ferocity led the legendary author and conservationist, Jim Corbett to remark - "The Tiger is a large hearted gentleman with boundless courage...".


 * The biggest "big cat" of all:** Tigers are the largest and heaviest cats in the world. Although different subspecies of tiger have different characteristics, in general male tigers weigh between 180 and 320 kg (400 lb. and 700 lb.) and females between 120 and 180 kg (264 lb and 400 lb). The males are between 2.6 and 3.3 meters (8 feet 6 inches to 9 feet 1 inch) in length, and the females are between 2.3 and 2.75 meters (7 ft 6 in and 9 ft) in length. Of the living subspecies, Sumatran tigers are the smallest, and Amur or Siberian tigers are the largest.
 * [[image:http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/images/mammals/tiger_sidelay.jpg width="200" height="143" align="left"]]Striped fingerprints:** The pattern of stripes is unique to each tiger, and thus could potentially be used to identify individuals, much in the same way as fingerprints are used to identify people. This is not, however, a preferred method of identification, due to the difficulty of recording the stripe pattern of a wild tiger. It seems likely that the function of stripes is camouflage, serving to hide these animals from their prey. The stripe pattern is found on a tiger's skin and if you shaved one, you would find that its distinctive camouflage pattern would be preserved. The form and density of stripes differs between subspecies, but most tigers have in excess of [[image:http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/images/mammals/tiger_eye.jpg width="200" height="133" align="left"]]100 stripes. The now extinct Javan tiger may have had far more than this.
 * Vision:** Few large animals have color vision as capable as that of humans, so the color is not as great of a problem as one might suppose. Tigers have a cluster of cones in their retina but it is believed that they are used more to enhance daytime vision than for color vision.
 * Weak white tigers:** Breeding two white tigers is the only way to ensure white cubs, because white tigers [[image:http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/images/mammals/tiger_whitewalk.jpg width="182" height="125" align="right"]]are actually a mutant form of tiger that would have trouble surviving in the wild. This fact leads to inbreeding by unscrupulous breeders. The inbreeding causes several common flaws: cross-eyes due to poor development of the visual pathways in the brain,a weakened immune system, clubbed feet, poor kidney development, and a corked backbone or twisted neck. These tigers also have a reduced fertility rate, perhaps due to a sort of tiger depression.
 * Only in Asia...now:** Tigers are an endangered species, and their small numbers are now only found in small areas of Asia. Most tigers live in forests or grasslands, for which their camouflage is ideally suited, and where it is easy to hunt prey that is faster or more agile. The largest species (the Siberian/Amur) is found in snowy forest areas.
 * [[image:http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/images/mammals/tiger_water.jpg width="200" height="134" align="left"]]Tigers love water:** Among the big cats, only the tiger and jaguar are strong swimmers; tigers are often found bathing in ponds, lakes, and rivers. Tigers are also known to kill prey while swimming.
 * Usually solitary hunters:** Tigers often ambush their prey as other cats do, overpowering their prey from any angle, using their body size and strength to knock prey off balance. Once prone, the tiger bites the back of the neck, often breaking the prey's spinal cord, piercing the windpipe, or severing the jugular vein or carotid artery. For large prey, a bite to the throat is preferred. After biting, the tiger then uses its muscled forelimbs to hold onto the prey, bringing it to the ground. The tiger remains latched onto the neck until its prey dies. They eat primarily medium to large sized herbivores such as deer, wild pigs, and buffalo, but they also take smaller prey on occasion. Tigers are very solitary, even while hunting, but researchers have witnessed tiger cooperation to take down a very large animal like a buffalo.
 * [[image:http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/images/mammals/tiger_leap.jpg width="150" height="143" align="right"]]Leapers:** In the wild, tigers can leap as high as 5 m and as far as 9-10 m, making them one of the highest-jumping mammals, perhaps second only to the puma. They have been reported to carry domestic livestock weighing 50 kg while easily jumping over fences 2 m high. Their forelimbs, massive and heavily muscled, are used to hold tightly onto the prey and to avoid being dislodged, especially by large prey such as gaurs. A single tremendous blow of the paw can kill a full-grown wolf or heavily injure a 150 kg Sambar deer.
 * The only real tiger enemy:** Humans are the tiger's only serious predator, who often kill tigers illegally for their fur. Also, their bones and nearly all body parts are used in traditional Chinese medicine for a range of purported uses including pain killers and aphrodisiacs. Poaching for fur and destruction of habitat have greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild. A century ago, there were approximately over 100,000 tigers in the world; now numbers are down to only around 5,000. All subspecies of tigers have been placed on the endangered species list.
 * Maneaters:** The majority of tigers never hunt humans except in desperation. Probably only 3 or 4 tigers out of every 1000 tigers kill a person as prey in their lifetimes. The usual maneater is an injured or ill tiger which can no longer catch its usual prey and must resort to a smaller, slower target. Like most other large predators they generally recognize humans as unsuitable prey because of the danger of being hunted by a predator (a human possessing spears or firearms) even more dangerous. The Sundarbans mangrove swamps of Bengal have had a higher incidence of man-eaters, where some healthy tigers have been known to hunt humans as prey.
 * [[image:http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/images/mammals/tiger_bywater.jpg width="200" height="195" align="right"]]Where to go now?** Because of humans taking over more and more tiger habitat, the areas tigers can live are still decreasing... Adult tigers are solitary and fiercely territorial animals. A tigress may have a territory of 7 square miles while the territories of males are much larger, covering 23-40 square miles. Male territories may overlap those of many females, but males are intolerant of other males within their territory. Unfortunately tiger territory is shrinking further and further due to human encroachment. Tigers only occupy 7% of their historic range, and even within the past 10 years, their territory has shrunk by 40%.

All tiger species are endangered. In fact, of the original nine tiger subspecies, 3 have already passed out of existence. Currently, there are only a few thousand tigers left in the world. The South China tiger is the most critically endangered, with less then 50 captive tigers left. No South China tigers have been seen in the wild for the last 20 years. This tiger is the evolutionary precursor to all the other tiger subspecies.
 * [[image:http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/images/mammals/tiger_siberian.jpg width="200" height="212" align="right"]]Siberian or Amur tiger** //Panthera tigris altaica//: These are the largest and heaviest tigers, located in cold Siberian climates. Their native range has been severly reduced, so the name has changed to Amur recently; due to habitat loss they are only living in the Amur River Valley instead of Siberia. They can weigh up 800 pounds and are extremely powerful, and have very thick fur (distinguished by a paler golden hue and a smaller number of stripes) and a layer of fat on their belly and flanks up to 2 inches thick for protection against the freezing temperatures - down to minutes 45 degrees Farenheit!
 * Sumatran tiger** //Panthera tigris sumatran// is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The wild population is estimated at between 400 and 500, seen [[image:http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/images/mammals/tiger_sumatran.jpg width="200" height="155" align="right"]]predominantly in the island's five national parks. Recent genetic testing has revealed the presence of unique genetic markers, indicating that it may develop into a separate species, if it is not made extinct.[4] This has led to suggestions that Sumatran tigers should have greater priority for conservation than any other subspecies. Habitat destruction is the main threat to the existing tiger population (logging continues even in the supposedly protected national parks), but 66 tigers were recorded as being shot and killed between 1998 and 2000, or nearly 20% of the total population. The Sumatran tiger is the smallest of all living tiger subspecies. Their small size is an adaptation to the thick, dense forests of the Sumatra island where they reside, as well as the smaller-sized prey.
 * Bengal tiger** //Panthera tigris tigris// Found in parts of India and SE Asia, mostly living in varied habitats - grasslands, subtropical and tropical rainforests, scrub forests, wet and dry [[image:http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/images/mammals/tiger_bengalcub.jpg width="200" height="155" align="right"]]decidious forests and mangroves. The Indian government's estimated population figure for these tigers is between 3,100 and 4,500, 3,000 of which are found in India alone. However, many Indian tiger conservationists doubt this number, seeing it as overly optimistic. The number of Bengal tigers in India may be lower than 2000, as most of the collected statistics are based on pugmark identification, which often gives a biased result. Even though this is the most 'common' tiger, these tigers are under severe pressure from both habitat destruction and poaching.

Estimates of its population vary between 1,200 to 1,800, but it seems likely that the number is in the lower part of the range. The largest current population is in Malaysia, where illegal poaching is strictly controlled, but all existing populations are at extreme risk from habitat fragmentation and inbreeding. In Vietnam, almost three-quarters of the tigers killed provide stock for Chinese pharmacies. Also, the tigers are seen by poor natives as a resource through which they can ease poverty. A female is only receptive for a few days and mating is frequent during that time period. A pair will copulate frequently and noisily, like other cats. The gestation period is 103 days and 3–4 cubs of about 1 kg each are born. The females rear them alone. Wandering male tigers may kill cubs to make the female receptive. At 8 weeks, the cubs are ready to follow their mother out of the den. The cubs become independent around 18 months of age, but it is not until they are around 2–2½ years old that they leave their mother. The cubs reach sexual maturity by 3–4 years of age. The female tigers generally own territory near their mother, while males tend to wander in search of territory, which they acquire by fighting and eliminating a territorial male. Over the course of her life, a female tiger will give birth to an approximately equal number of male and female cubs. Very endangered!
 * Indochinese tiger** //Panthera tigris corbetti//: These tigers are darker colored and 20 percent smaller than Bengal tigers - about the size of lions.. They are found in parts of SE Asia - Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
 * [[image:http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/images/mammals/tiger_malayan.jpg width="200" height="244" align="right"]]Malayan tiger** //Panthera tigris jacksoni// is exclusively found in the southern (Malaysian) part of the Malay Peninsula, was not considered a subspecies in its own right until 2004. It is also the national icon in Malaysia, appearing on its coat of arms and in logos of Malaysian institutions.
 * The South China tiger** //Panthera tigris amoyensis//, also known as the Amoy or Xiamen tiger, is the most critically endangered subspecies of tiger and will almost certainly become extinct. It is also considered to be the first of all tiger subspecies. This subspecies is one of the smallest tiger species.It seems likely that the last known wild South China tiger was shot and killed in 1994, and no live tigers have been seen in their natural habitat for the last 20 years. In 1977, the Chinese government reversed the law, and banned the killing of wild tigers, but this appears to have been too late to save the subspecies. There are currently 59 known captive South China tigers, all within China, but these are known to be descended from only six animals. Thus, the genetic diversity required to maintain the subspecies no longer exists, making its eventual extinction very likely. Currently, there are breeding efforts to reintroduce these tigers by 2008.
 * A world without tigers?** Researchers have estimated that tigers may be completely gone by 2010. The tiger population is in the low thousands. Hopefully this magnificent cat will be able to survive the odds- countries are trying to help the tigers by making laws against killing them and stopping sale of products made from their parts. There are international projects working to protect wild tiger habitat and people can also try to donate what they can to protect it, educate others and help save the tigers!

Videos on Tiger Poaching

media type="custom" key="4236477" This video is incorporating some pictures found that advertise tiger poaching. It is sick and cruel and should never be encouraged. media type="custom" key="4236481" media type="custom" key="4236499"

A tiger's canine teeth are used to make ornamental jewellery. Some local people believe tiger canines provide good luck and protective powers to those who wear them. The sale of canines is predominantly carried out through shops selling gold, but shops selling precious stones, antiques and souvenirs may also sell tiger canines. Claws are most often inlayed in gold to make pendants for necklaces. Local people believe tiger claws provide good luck and protective powers to those who wear them. The selling of claws appears to be almost exclusively carried out through gold shops, although antique shops and souvenir shops also sell them.
 * Canines** //Magic, curios//
 * Claws** //Magic, curios//

//[|Back to the top]// Whiskers are believed to have magical powers to protect those who possess them from malicious curses. The "magic" bestowed by whiskers is believed to be most powerful when removed from a live tiger. The tail is usually sold still intact with the skin. However, if the skin is badly damaged it may be divided into small pieces for individual sale. In such cases the tail is sometimes sold separately as a trophy or talisman that is said to protect the owner from curses if it is kept in the home. Some people in Indonesia believe that tiger skin contains magical powers. Most typically small pieces of tiger skin are used to protect the owner from black magic. These pieces are also used by Shaman to cast black magic spells on others. Additionally the skin may be shaped into a belt with a magical code used to protect the one who wears it from all dangers posed by wild animals or bad spirits. Some local people believe that the skin will have no powers if it is covered by a human shadow before the trapped tiger is killed.
 * Whiskers** //Magic//
 * Tail** //Magic//
 * Skin** //Magic//

//[|Back to the top]// Used by some local people for ritual purposes. This is said to be the most expensive part of the skin, as the stripes between the ears are thought to look like the Chinese character for royalty. This piece of skin is believed to bring the owner prosperity and good luck. The eyebrows are said to be very powerful and have the ability to protect the owner from evil while giving them additional strength. The penis is said to have aphrodisiac powers.
 * Skin from the sole of paw** //Magic//
 * Skin from the forehead** //Magic//
 * Eyebrows** //Magic//
 * Penis** //Traditional "tonic"//

//[|Back to the top]// Tiger gall is dried and put into tablets used to cure bone diseases. Flesh is cooked and eaten to treat skin diseases. Farmers are also known to burn small strips of flesh around the edge of a field to keep wild pigs away. The market for tiger flesh remains generally local and is not apparently commercially significant. Farmers believe keeping a bottle of tiger fat will protect their farms from damage by wild pigs. Used in medicinal remedies.
 * Gall** //Traditional medicine//
 * Flesh** - //Traditional medicine, crop protection//
 * Fat** //Magic//
 * Milk** //Traditional medicine//

//[|Back to the top]// Some Indonesian //Dukuns// (Shaman or Witch Doctor) use the manure to treat people who are suffering from black magic spells that have been cast upon them. In one instance, a Dukun brought a man "suffering from a spell" to the Medan Zoo. The Dukun requested tiger manure from the keeper at the zoo and fed it to the suffering man on the spot. Occasionally farmers and plantation workers also request tiger manure from keepers at the Medan Zoo. The manure is spread around the edges of the crops or plantations and the scent apparently keeps wild pigs (//Sus scrofa//) away. Ground into powder to be taken with a glass of warm water. It is used to treat rheumatism and head aches. The front humerus bone is said to be most highly valued for its strength in traditional medicine (Chan, 1995). According to dealers, the bone found in the right front paw is regarded as being the strongest, as it enables a tiger to pull down prey bigger than itself. The bone is put into a glass of warm water and let for a short period of time, then drunk to treat headaches. Some users believe it also has the power to drive away bad spirits.
 * Tiger dung** //Magic, crop protection//
 * Bone** //Traditional medicine//
 * Right front paw bone** - //Traditional medicine, magic//